Understanding and predicting boil-off from cryogenic liquids

Natural gas, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen will be an important part of the global energy industry well into the future. To enable their storage and transportation, they are liquefied by cooling to cryogenic temperatures, at which they boil-off. Existing models for predicting boil-off are either designed for a specific scenario or rely on adjustable parameters, limiting their predictive capability. This work introduces a new model that can predict boil-off from a variety of fluids under different storage conditions without introducing new adjustable parameters. The model has been validated against boil-off data for a range of fluids.