Abstract
Leaves with stomata on both upper and lower surfaces, termed amphistomatous, are relatively rare compared with hypostomatous leaves with stomata only on the lower surface. Amphistomaty occurs predominantly in fast-growing herbaceous annuals and in slow-growing perennial shrubs and trees. In this paper, we present the current understanding and hypotheses on the costs and benefits of amphistomaty related to water and CO 2 transport in contrasting leaf morphologies. First, there is no evidence that amphistomatous species achieve higher stomatal densities on a projected leaf area basis than hypostomatous species, but two-sided gas exchange is less limited by boundary layer effects. Second, amphistomaty may provide a specific advantage in thick leaves by shortening the pathway for CO 2 transport between the atmosphere and the chloroplasts. In thin leaves of fast-growing herbaceous annuals, in which both the adaxial and abaxial pathways are already short, amphistomaty enhances leaf–atmosphere gas-exchange capacity. Third, amphistomaty may help to optimise the leaf-interior water status for CO 2 transport by reducing temperature gradients and so preventing the condensation of water that could limit CO 2 diffusion. Fourth, a potential cost of amphistomaty is the need for additional investments in leaf water transport tissue to balance the water loss through the adaxial surface.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1179-1187 |
| Number of pages | 9 |
| Journal | New Phytologist |
| Volume | 222 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 1 May 2019 |
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Two sides to every leaf : water and CO 2 transport in hypostomatous and amphistomatous leaves. / Drake, Paul L.; de Boer, Hugo J.; Schymanski, Stanislaus J.; Veneklaas, Erik J.
In: New Phytologist, Vol. 222, No. 3, 01.05.2019, p. 1179-1187.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
TY - JOUR
T1 - Two sides to every leaf
T2 - water and CO 2 transport in hypostomatous and amphistomatous leaves
AU - Drake, Paul L.
AU - de Boer, Hugo J.
AU - Schymanski, Stanislaus J.
AU - Veneklaas, Erik J.
PY - 2019/5/1
Y1 - 2019/5/1
N2 - Leaves with stomata on both upper and lower surfaces, termed amphistomatous, are relatively rare compared with hypostomatous leaves with stomata only on the lower surface. Amphistomaty occurs predominantly in fast-growing herbaceous annuals and in slow-growing perennial shrubs and trees. In this paper, we present the current understanding and hypotheses on the costs and benefits of amphistomaty related to water and CO 2 transport in contrasting leaf morphologies. First, there is no evidence that amphistomatous species achieve higher stomatal densities on a projected leaf area basis than hypostomatous species, but two-sided gas exchange is less limited by boundary layer effects. Second, amphistomaty may provide a specific advantage in thick leaves by shortening the pathway for CO 2 transport between the atmosphere and the chloroplasts. In thin leaves of fast-growing herbaceous annuals, in which both the adaxial and abaxial pathways are already short, amphistomaty enhances leaf–atmosphere gas-exchange capacity. Third, amphistomaty may help to optimise the leaf-interior water status for CO 2 transport by reducing temperature gradients and so preventing the condensation of water that could limit CO 2 diffusion. Fourth, a potential cost of amphistomaty is the need for additional investments in leaf water transport tissue to balance the water loss through the adaxial surface.
AB - Leaves with stomata on both upper and lower surfaces, termed amphistomatous, are relatively rare compared with hypostomatous leaves with stomata only on the lower surface. Amphistomaty occurs predominantly in fast-growing herbaceous annuals and in slow-growing perennial shrubs and trees. In this paper, we present the current understanding and hypotheses on the costs and benefits of amphistomaty related to water and CO 2 transport in contrasting leaf morphologies. First, there is no evidence that amphistomatous species achieve higher stomatal densities on a projected leaf area basis than hypostomatous species, but two-sided gas exchange is less limited by boundary layer effects. Second, amphistomaty may provide a specific advantage in thick leaves by shortening the pathway for CO 2 transport between the atmosphere and the chloroplasts. In thin leaves of fast-growing herbaceous annuals, in which both the adaxial and abaxial pathways are already short, amphistomaty enhances leaf–atmosphere gas-exchange capacity. Third, amphistomaty may help to optimise the leaf-interior water status for CO 2 transport by reducing temperature gradients and so preventing the condensation of water that could limit CO 2 diffusion. Fourth, a potential cost of amphistomaty is the need for additional investments in leaf water transport tissue to balance the water loss through the adaxial surface.
KW - amphistomatous
KW - hydraulic conductance
KW - hypostomatous
KW - leaf thickness
KW - mesophyll conductance
KW - stomata
KW - stomatal ratio
KW - vein
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85060809927&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1111/nph.15652
DO - 10.1111/nph.15652
M3 - Article
VL - 222
SP - 1179
EP - 1187
JO - The New Phytologist
JF - The New Phytologist
SN - 0028-646X
IS - 3
ER -