The transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFB1) gene is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Although cigarette smoking is the primary environmental risk factor, genetic risk factors likely influence the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Linkage analysis between short-tandem repeat markers on chromosome 19 and COPD phenotypes was followed by association analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in a gene on chromosome 19q [transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFB1)] and COPD phenotypes in a family-based sample and a case–control study (cases with severe COPD and control subjects with significant history of smoking but no COPD). Stratification by smoking status substantially improved the evidence of linkage to chromosome 19q for COPD phenotypes. Among former and current smokers in the Boston Early-Onset COPD Study, there was significant evidence of linkage between chromosome 19q and pre-bronchodilator (pre-BD) FEV1 (LOD=3.30) and suggestive evidence of linkage between chromosome 19q and other COPD phenotypes. In these families, a SNP in the promoter region of TGFB1 (rs2241712) and two SNPs in the 3′ genomic region of TGFB1 (rs2241718 and rs6957) were significantly associated with pre- and post-BD FEV1 (P