TY - JOUR
T1 - The impact of chemical composition of oxygenated fuels on morphology and nanostructure of soot particles
AU - Verma, Puneet
AU - Jafari, Mohammad
AU - Rahman, S. M.Ashrafur
AU - Pickering, Edmund
AU - Stevanovic, Svetlana
AU - Dowell, Ashley
AU - Brown, Richard
AU - Ristovski, Zoran
N1 - Funding Information:
One of the authors (P.V.) would like to acknowledge QUT for providing financial assistance in the form of a scholarship (QUTPRA). The authors would also like to acknowledge Central Analytical Research Facility (CARF) for TEM education and assistance in the operation. The author would also like to acknowledge: laboratory assistance from Mr. Noel Hartnett the software developer Mr. Andrew Elder from DynoLog Dynamometer Pty Ltd and Dr Doug Stuart from Sunshine Coast Renewables for providing coconut biodiesel. The authors would also like to acknowledge the support from the Australian Research Council Discovery Grant (DP180102632). Lastly, the authors would like to show gratitude to ABP (Australian Botanical Products), G.R. Davis Pty Ltd, Australian Tea Tree Oil Exchange and Main Camp Natural Extracts for supplying the essential oils.
Funding Information:
One of the authors (P.V.) would like to acknowledge QUT for providing financial assistance in the form of a scholarship (QUTPRA). The authors would also like to acknowledge Central Analytical Research Facility (CARF) for TEM education and assistance in the operation. The author would also like to acknowledge: laboratory assistance from Mr. Noel Hartnett the software developer Mr. Andrew Elder from DynoLog Dynamometer Pty Ltd and Dr Doug Stuart from Sunshine Coast Renewables for providing coconut biodiesel. The authors would also like to acknowledge the support from the Australian Research Council Discovery Grant ( DP180102632 ). Lastly, the authors would like to show gratitude to ABP (Australian Botanical Products), G.R. Davis Pty Ltd, Australian Tea Tree Oil Exchange and Main Camp Natural Extracts for supplying the essential oils.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2020/1/1
Y1 - 2020/1/1
N2 - Over the years, oxygenated fuels such as biodiesel and alcohol fuels have been useful in reducing particulate matter (PM) emissions of diesel engines. The presence of oxygen in the fuel impacts the soot oxidation process and thus the morphology and nanostructural characteristics of soot particles change. The nanostructure characteristics of soot particles hold an importance for their oxidation reactivity and toxicity. Higher reactivity and exposure of soot particles to oxygen will affect the regeneration and filtration efficiency of diesel particulate filters. In this study, we investigate the impact of oxygen functional groups on morphology and nanostructure of soot particles by blending different types of essential oil in diesel. The test fuels were prepared by mixing orange oil, tea tree oil, eucalyptus oil and coconut biodiesel to keep an overall oxygen content of 0 and 2.2%. Transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the physical changes in the nanostructure of soot particles. The primary particle diameter decreases, and fractal dimension of soot aggregates increases for oxygenated fuels. Microscopy reveals that the arrangement of carbon lamellae within the soot particles changes significantly with use of oxygenated as observed by the changes in fringe length, fringe tortuosity and fringe separation distance. Lower fringe length, higher fringe tortuosity and fringe separation distance shows disordered arrangement of carbon layers with more possibility of oxygen attack. The different structural characteristics for oils having same oxygen content shows that formation and structure of soot particles strongly depend upon chemical structure and composition of the fuel.
AB - Over the years, oxygenated fuels such as biodiesel and alcohol fuels have been useful in reducing particulate matter (PM) emissions of diesel engines. The presence of oxygen in the fuel impacts the soot oxidation process and thus the morphology and nanostructural characteristics of soot particles change. The nanostructure characteristics of soot particles hold an importance for their oxidation reactivity and toxicity. Higher reactivity and exposure of soot particles to oxygen will affect the regeneration and filtration efficiency of diesel particulate filters. In this study, we investigate the impact of oxygen functional groups on morphology and nanostructure of soot particles by blending different types of essential oil in diesel. The test fuels were prepared by mixing orange oil, tea tree oil, eucalyptus oil and coconut biodiesel to keep an overall oxygen content of 0 and 2.2%. Transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the physical changes in the nanostructure of soot particles. The primary particle diameter decreases, and fractal dimension of soot aggregates increases for oxygenated fuels. Microscopy reveals that the arrangement of carbon lamellae within the soot particles changes significantly with use of oxygenated as observed by the changes in fringe length, fringe tortuosity and fringe separation distance. Lower fringe length, higher fringe tortuosity and fringe separation distance shows disordered arrangement of carbon layers with more possibility of oxygen attack. The different structural characteristics for oils having same oxygen content shows that formation and structure of soot particles strongly depend upon chemical structure and composition of the fuel.
KW - Essential oils
KW - Morphology
KW - Nanostructure
KW - Particulate matter
KW - Soot
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85072281047&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116167
DO - 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116167
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85072281047
SN - 0016-2361
VL - 259
JO - Fuel
JF - Fuel
M1 - 116167
ER -