TY - JOUR
T1 - The dopamine receptor D4 7-repeat allele and prenatal smoking in ADHD-affected children and their unaffected siblings
T2 - no gene-environment interaction
AU - Altink, Marieke E
AU - Arias-Vásquez, Alejandro
AU - Franke, Barbara
AU - Slaats-Willemse, Dorine I E
AU - Buschgens, Cathelijne J M
AU - Rommelse, Nanda N J
AU - Fliers, Ellen A
AU - Anney, Richard
AU - Brookes, Keeley-Joanne
AU - Chen, Wai
AU - Gill, Michael
AU - Mulligan, Aisling
AU - Sonuga-Barke, Edmund
AU - Thompson, Margaret
AU - Sergeant, Joseph A
AU - Faraone, Stephen V
AU - Asherson, Philip
AU - Buitelaar, Jan K
PY - 2008/10
Y1 - 2008/10
N2 - BACKGROUND: The dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) 7-repeat allele and maternal smoking during pregnancy are both considered as risk factors in the aetiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but few studies have been conducted on their interactive effects in causing ADHD. The purpose of this study is to examine the gene by environment (GxE) interaction of the DRD4 7-repeat allele and smoking during pregnancy on ADHD and oppositional behavior in families from the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics project; and further, to test the hypothesis that the direction of effect of the DRD4 7-repeat allele differs between ADHD affected and unaffected children.METHODS: Linear mixed models were used to assess main and interactive effects of the DRD4 7-repeat allele and smoking during pregnancy in 539 ADHD-affected children and their 407 unaffected siblings, aged 6-17 years.RESULTS: There was some evidence pointing to differential effects of the DRD4 7-repeat allele on ADHD and oppositional symptoms in the affected (fewer symptoms) and unaffected children (increasing ADHD symptoms of teacher ratings). Affected children were more often exposed to prenatal smoking than unaffected children. There were limited main effects of prenatal smoking on severity of symptoms. Given the number of tests performed, no indication was found for GxE interactions.CONCLUSION: Despite the large sample size, no GxE interactions were found. The impact of the DRD4 7-repeat allele might differ, depending on affected status and rater. This finding is discussed in terms of differences in the activity of the dopaminergic system and of different genes involved in rater-specific behaviors.
AB - BACKGROUND: The dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) 7-repeat allele and maternal smoking during pregnancy are both considered as risk factors in the aetiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but few studies have been conducted on their interactive effects in causing ADHD. The purpose of this study is to examine the gene by environment (GxE) interaction of the DRD4 7-repeat allele and smoking during pregnancy on ADHD and oppositional behavior in families from the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics project; and further, to test the hypothesis that the direction of effect of the DRD4 7-repeat allele differs between ADHD affected and unaffected children.METHODS: Linear mixed models were used to assess main and interactive effects of the DRD4 7-repeat allele and smoking during pregnancy in 539 ADHD-affected children and their 407 unaffected siblings, aged 6-17 years.RESULTS: There was some evidence pointing to differential effects of the DRD4 7-repeat allele on ADHD and oppositional symptoms in the affected (fewer symptoms) and unaffected children (increasing ADHD symptoms of teacher ratings). Affected children were more often exposed to prenatal smoking than unaffected children. There were limited main effects of prenatal smoking on severity of symptoms. Given the number of tests performed, no indication was found for GxE interactions.CONCLUSION: Despite the large sample size, no GxE interactions were found. The impact of the DRD4 7-repeat allele might differ, depending on affected status and rater. This finding is discussed in terms of differences in the activity of the dopaminergic system and of different genes involved in rater-specific behaviors.
KW - Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
KW - Case-Control Studies
KW - Child
KW - Europe
KW - Female
KW - Genetic Predisposition to Disease
KW - Humans
KW - Linear Models
KW - Male
KW - Polymorphism, Genetic
KW - Pregnancy
KW - Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
KW - Receptors, Dopamine D4
KW - Risk Factors
KW - Sex Distribution
KW - Siblings
KW - Smoking
KW - Journal Article
KW - Multicenter Study
KW - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
U2 - 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01998.x
DO - 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01998.x
M3 - Article
C2 - 19017022
SN - 0021-9630
VL - 49
SP - 1053
EP - 1060
JO - Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines
JF - Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines
IS - 10
ER -