The biology and potential clinical applications of mesenchymal stromal cells in diseases of the lung

Chronic lung disease is responsible for approximately 7% of all deaths worldwide and represents 4% of the global burden of disease. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have anti‐inflammatory properties that can reduce inflammatory pathways as well as possibly replacing damaged lung tissue. MSCs derived from different sources, including the placenta, umbilical cord, and adipose tissue have these anti‐inflammatory actions. MSCs are part of the connective tissue framework that provides both structural and physiological support to parenchymal cells in multiple organs. MSCs not only are used as direct therapy for lung disorders but may also be used as engineered vectors for drug delivery to specific sites. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the commonest respiratory condition in the world. The optimal dose and route of delivery of MSCs remain to be determined and may be dependent on the lung disease itself.