@article{c549ce46cfb24e9981725fafe55de87e,
title = "Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Observing Run",
abstract = "We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received with low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum-likelihood Non-imaging Transient Reconstruction and Temporal Search pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15–350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10−3 Hz, we compute the GW–BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers.",
author = "{The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration} and {the KAGRA Collaboration} and Gayathri Raman and Samuele Ronchini and James Delaunay and Aaron Tohuvavohu and Kennea, {Jamie A.} and Tyler Parsotan and Elena Ambrosi and Bernardini, {Maria Grazia} and Sergio Campana and Giancarlo Cusumano and Antonino D'A{\`i} and Paolo D'Avanzo and Valerio D'Elia and {De Pasquale}, Massimiliano and Simone Dichiara and Phil Evans and Dieter Hartmann and Paul Kuin and Andrea Melandri and Paul O{\textquoteright}Brien and Osborne, {Julian P.} and Kim Page and Palmer, {David M.} and Boris Sbarufatti and Gianpiero Tagliaferri and Eleonora Troja and Abac, {A. G.} and R. Abbott and H. Abe and I. Abouelfettouh and F. Acernese and K. Ackley and C. Adamcewicz and S. Adhicary and N. Adhikari and Adhikari, {R. X.} and Adkins, {V. K.} and Adya, {V. B.} and C. Affeldt and D. Agarwal and M. Agathos and Aguiar, {O. D.} and I. Aguilar and L. Aiello and A. Ain and T. Akutsu and S. Albanesi and Alfaidi, {R. A.} and A. Al-Jodah and C. All{\'e}n{\'e} and A. Allocca and S. Al-Shammari and Altin, {P. A.} and S. Alvarez-Lopez and A. Amato and L. Amez-Droz and A. Amorosi and C. Amra and S. Anand and A. Ananyeva and Anderson, {S. B.} and Anderson, {W. G.} and M. Andia and M. Ando and T. Andrade and N. Andres and M. Andr{\'e}s-Carcasona and T. Andri{\'c} and J. Anglin and S. Ansoldi and Antelis, {J. M.} and S. Antier and M. Aoumi and Appavuravther, {E. Z.} and S. Appert and Apple, {S. K.} and K. Arai and A. Araya and Araya, {M. C.} and Areeda, {J. S.} and N. Aritomi and F. Armato and N. Arnaud and M. Arogeti and Aronson, {S. M.} and G. Ashton and Y. Aso and M. Assiduo and {de Souza Melo}, {S. Assis} and Aston, {S. M.} and P. Astone and F. Aubin and K. AultONeal and G. Avallone and S. Babak and F. Badaracco and C. Badger and S. Bae and S. Bagnasco and E. Bagui and Y. Bai and Baier, {J. G.} and R. Bajpai and T. Baka and M. Ball and G. Ballardin and Ballmer, {S. W.} and S. Banagiri and B. Banerjee and D. Bankar and P. Baral and Barayoga, {J. C.} and Barish, {B. C.} and D. Barker and P. Barneo and F. Barone and B. Barr and L. Barsotti and M. Barsuglia and D. Barta and Barthelmy, {S. D.} and Barton, {M. A.} and I. Bartos and S. Basak and A. Basalaev and R. Bassiri and A. Basti and M. Bawaj and P. Baxi and Bayley, {J. C.} and Baylor, {A. C.} and M. Bazzan and B. B{\'e}csy and Bedakihale, {V. M.} and F. Beirnaert and M. Bejger and D. Belardinelli and Bell, {A. S.} and V. Benedetto and D. Beniwal and W. Benoit and Bentley, {J. D.} and {Ben Yaala}, M. and S. Bera and M. Berbel and F. Bergamin and Berger, {B. K.} and S. Bernuzzi and M. Beroiz and Berry, {C. P.L.} and D. Bersanetti and A. Bertolini and J. Betzwieser and D. Beveridge and N. Bevins and R. Bhandare and U. Bhardwaj and R. Bhatt and D. Bhattacharjee and S. Bhaumik and S. Bhowmick and A. Bianchi and Bilenko, {I. A.} and G. Billingsley and A. Binetti and S. Bini and O. Birnholtz and S. Biscoveanu and A. Bisht and M. Bitossi and Bizouard, {M. A.} and Blackburn, {J. K.} and Blair, {C. D.} and Blair, {D. G.} and F. Bobba and N. Bode and G. Bogaert and G. Boileau and M. Boldrini and Bolingbroke, {G. N.} and A. Bolliand and Bonavena, {L. D.} and R. Bondarescu and F. Bondu and E. Bonilla and Bonilla, {M. S.} and A. Bonino and R. Bonnand and P. Booker and A. Borchers and V. Boschi and S. Bose and V. Bossilkov and V. Boudart and A. Boumerdassi and A. Bozzi and C. Bradaschia and Brady, {P. R.} and M. Braglia and A. Branch and M. Branchesi and M. Breschi and T. Briant and A. Brillet and M. Brinkmann and P. Brockill and E. Brockmueller and Brooks, {A. F.} and Brown, {D. D.} and Brozzetti, {M. L.} and S. Brunett and G. Bruno and R. Bruntz and J. Bryant and F. Bucci and J. Buchanan and O. Bulashenko and T. Bulik and Bulten, {H. J.} and A. Buonanno and K. Burtnyk and R. Buscicchio and D. Buskulic and C. Buy and Byer, {R. L.} and C. Chatterjee and Yanbei Chen and S. Choudhary and Coward, {D. M.} and S. Danilishin and J. Degallaix and {Di Fronzo}, C. and Gould, {D. W.} and W. Guo and Howell, {E. J.} and V. JaberianHamedan and L. Ju and T. Kaur and M. Kovalam and Jian Liu and A. McLeod and Neil, {B. F.} and Page, {M. A.} and Panther, {F. H.} and H. Satari and Slaven-Blair, {T. J.} and {van Heijningen}, {J. V.} and Veitch, {P. J.} and L. Wen and C. Zhao and Davies, {Tim F.} and Luke Davis and Aaron Goodwin-Jones and Carlo Mungioli and Victor Oloworaran",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.",
year = "2025",
month = feb,
day = "20",
doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749",
language = "English",
volume = "980",
journal = "Astrophysical Journal",
issn = "0004-637X",
publisher = "IOP Publishing",
number = "2",
}