TY - JOUR
T1 - Sulfur mustard-induced ocular injuries
T2 - Update on mechanisms and management
AU - Panahi, Yunes
AU - Roshandel, Danial
AU - Sadoughi, Mohammad Mehdi
AU - Ghanei, Mostafa
AU - Sahebkar, Amirhossein
PY - 2017/1/1
Y1 - 2017/1/1
N2 - Sulfur mustard (SM; mustard gas) is a classic chemical warfare agent that has been used in several wars and is still a potential threat especially in the Middle-East region. Victims experience acute symptoms in airexposed organs including skin, respiratory tract and the eyes. Survivors of the acute stage might develop chronic or delayed-onset complications in the exposed organs. The exact mechanism(s) of SM-induced tissue damage is still unknown, however DNA alkylation and oxidative damage are the most relevant mechanisms. Eye is the most sensitive organ to the SM vapor and ocular symptoms usually precede other manifestations. Ocular findings including blepharitis, dry eye disease, corneal vascularization, persistent epithelial defects, limbal ischemia, limbal stem cell deficiency, corneal thinning, corneal opacity and corneal innervation abnormalities have been reported several years after SM exposure. In this review, mechanisms of acute and chronic/delayed ocular manifestations of SM and their current management and potential future therapies have been discussed. We have also included recent advances in amniotic membrane transplantation, cultivated stem cell transplantation and anti-angiogenic therapies which might be considered as therapeutic options in SM-induced ocular damage in the future.
AB - Sulfur mustard (SM; mustard gas) is a classic chemical warfare agent that has been used in several wars and is still a potential threat especially in the Middle-East region. Victims experience acute symptoms in airexposed organs including skin, respiratory tract and the eyes. Survivors of the acute stage might develop chronic or delayed-onset complications in the exposed organs. The exact mechanism(s) of SM-induced tissue damage is still unknown, however DNA alkylation and oxidative damage are the most relevant mechanisms. Eye is the most sensitive organ to the SM vapor and ocular symptoms usually precede other manifestations. Ocular findings including blepharitis, dry eye disease, corneal vascularization, persistent epithelial defects, limbal ischemia, limbal stem cell deficiency, corneal thinning, corneal opacity and corneal innervation abnormalities have been reported several years after SM exposure. In this review, mechanisms of acute and chronic/delayed ocular manifestations of SM and their current management and potential future therapies have been discussed. We have also included recent advances in amniotic membrane transplantation, cultivated stem cell transplantation and anti-angiogenic therapies which might be considered as therapeutic options in SM-induced ocular damage in the future.
KW - Chronic and delayed-onset keratopathy
KW - Eye
KW - Mustard gas keratopathy
KW - Stem cell transplantation
KW - Sulfur mustard
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85020824809&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.2174/1381612822666161021150125
DO - 10.2174/1381612822666161021150125
M3 - Review article
C2 - 27774903
AN - SCOPUS:85020824809
SN - 1381-6128
VL - 23
SP - 1589
EP - 1597
JO - Current Pharmaceutical Design
JF - Current Pharmaceutical Design
IS - 11
ER -