Submillimeter-Wave Permittivity Measurements of Bound Water in Collagen Hydrogels via Frequency Domain Spectroscopy

Aleksi Tamminen; Mariangela Baggio; Irina Nefedova; Qiushuo Sun; Juha Anttila; Juha Ala-Laurinaho; Elliot R. Brown; Vincent P. Wallace; Emma Pickwell-MacPherson; Thaddeus Maloney; Mika Salkola; Sophie X. Deng; Zachary D. Taylor

doi:10.1109/TTHZ.2021.3088273

Submillimeter-Wave Permittivity Measurements of Bound Water in Collagen Hydrogels via Frequency Domain Spectroscopy

Aleksi Tamminen, Mariangela Baggio, Irina Nefedova, Qiushuo Sun, Juha Anttila, Juha Ala-Laurinaho, Elliot R. Brown, Vincent P. Wallace, Emma Pickwell-MacPherson, Thaddeus Maloney, Mika Salkola, Sophie X. Deng, Zachary D. Taylor

Physics

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

10 Citations (Web of Science)

Abstract

This article presents measurements of the permittivity of gelatin hydrogels between 220 and 330 GHz. Hydrated gelatin was treated as a binary mixture of free water and a compound consisting of water bound to collagen. Submillimeter-wave reflectometry was used to estimate the hydrated gelatin permittivity, hydrated gelatin density, and free-water volume fraction in phantoms composed of 62, 67, 72, and 77% water by weight. A hydrated dry/wet density ratio of 0.335 was validated with optical-coherence tomography. A constant nonfreezing bound-water mass of 0.6 g/g was observed and confirmed with differential-scanning calorimetry. Good agreement between results from different modalities supports the dielectric spectroscopy methods and data analysis. Depending on the hydrodynamics at the sample/air interface, measurements indicate a bound-water compound permittivity of 3.77-j2.52 to 3.95-j2.49-contrasting the pure-water average permittivity of 5.16-j5.63. The loss related to bound water was much higher than anticipated and characterization will help reduce uncertainty in measurements of gelatin hydrogel-based tissue phantoms; particularly corneal phantoms where adjacent free water creates complex hydration gradients. This is the first known, submillimeter-wave, frequency domain measurement of complex permittivity of the bound-water component in solid, proteinaceous matter.

Original language	English
Article number	9451620
Pages (from-to)	538-547
Number of pages	10
Journal	IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology
Volume	11
Issue number	5
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2021.3088273
Publication status	Published - Sept 2021

Access to Document

10.1109/TTHZ.2021.3088273

Cite this

Tamminen, A., Baggio, M., Nefedova, I., Sun, Q., Anttila, J., Ala-Laurinaho, J., Brown, E. R., Wallace, V. P., Pickwell-MacPherson, E., Maloney, T., Salkola, M., Deng, S. X., & Taylor, Z. D. (2021). Submillimeter-Wave Permittivity Measurements of Bound Water in Collagen Hydrogels via Frequency Domain Spectroscopy. IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, 11(5), 538-547. Article 9451620. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2021.3088273

@article{8140e845424a479a91faa096ca028028,

title = "Submillimeter-Wave Permittivity Measurements of Bound Water in Collagen Hydrogels via Frequency Domain Spectroscopy",

abstract = "This article presents measurements of the permittivity of gelatin hydrogels between 220 and 330 GHz. Hydrated gelatin was treated as a binary mixture of free water and a compound consisting of water bound to collagen. Submillimeter-wave reflectometry was used to estimate the hydrated gelatin permittivity, hydrated gelatin density, and free-water volume fraction in phantoms composed of 62, 67, 72, and 77% water by weight. A hydrated dry/wet density ratio of 0.335 was validated with optical-coherence tomography. A constant nonfreezing bound-water mass of 0.6 g/g was observed and confirmed with differential-scanning calorimetry. Good agreement between results from different modalities supports the dielectric spectroscopy methods and data analysis. Depending on the hydrodynamics at the sample/air interface, measurements indicate a bound-water compound permittivity of 3.77-j2.52 to 3.95-j2.49-contrasting the pure-water average permittivity of 5.16-j5.63. The loss related to bound water was much higher than anticipated and characterization will help reduce uncertainty in measurements of gelatin hydrogel-based tissue phantoms; particularly corneal phantoms where adjacent free water creates complex hydration gradients. This is the first known, submillimeter-wave, frequency domain measurement of complex permittivity of the bound-water component in solid, proteinaceous matter.",

keywords = "Permittivity, Water, Permittivity measurement, Spectroscopy, Phantoms, Solids, Compounds, Gelatin hydrogel, submillimeter-wave spectroscopy, water content",

author = "Aleksi Tamminen and Mariangela Baggio and Irina Nefedova and Qiushuo Sun and Juha Anttila and Juha Ala-Laurinaho and Brown, {Elliot R.} and Wallace, {Vincent P.} and Emma Pickwell-MacPherson and Thaddeus Maloney and Mika Salkola and Deng, {Sophie X.} and Taylor, {Zachary D.}",

year = "2021",

month = sep,

doi = "10.1109/TTHZ.2021.3088273",

language = "English",

volume = "11",

pages = "538--547",

journal = "IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology",

issn = "2156-342X",

publisher = "IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers",

number = "5",

}

Tamminen, A, Baggio, M, Nefedova, I, Sun, Q, Anttila, J, Ala-Laurinaho, J, Brown, ER, Wallace, VP, Pickwell-MacPherson, E, Maloney, T, Salkola, M, Deng, SX & Taylor, ZD 2021, 'Submillimeter-Wave Permittivity Measurements of Bound Water in Collagen Hydrogels via Frequency Domain Spectroscopy', IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 11, no. 5, 9451620, pp. 538-547. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2021.3088273

TY - JOUR

T1 - Submillimeter-Wave Permittivity Measurements of Bound Water in Collagen Hydrogels via Frequency Domain Spectroscopy

AU - Tamminen, Aleksi

AU - Baggio, Mariangela

AU - Nefedova, Irina

AU - Sun, Qiushuo

AU - Anttila, Juha

AU - Ala-Laurinaho, Juha

AU - Brown, Elliot R.

AU - Wallace, Vincent P.

AU - Pickwell-MacPherson, Emma

AU - Maloney, Thaddeus

AU - Salkola, Mika

AU - Deng, Sophie X.

AU - Taylor, Zachary D.

PY - 2021/9

Y1 - 2021/9

N2 - This article presents measurements of the permittivity of gelatin hydrogels between 220 and 330 GHz. Hydrated gelatin was treated as a binary mixture of free water and a compound consisting of water bound to collagen. Submillimeter-wave reflectometry was used to estimate the hydrated gelatin permittivity, hydrated gelatin density, and free-water volume fraction in phantoms composed of 62, 67, 72, and 77% water by weight. A hydrated dry/wet density ratio of 0.335 was validated with optical-coherence tomography. A constant nonfreezing bound-water mass of 0.6 g/g was observed and confirmed with differential-scanning calorimetry. Good agreement between results from different modalities supports the dielectric spectroscopy methods and data analysis. Depending on the hydrodynamics at the sample/air interface, measurements indicate a bound-water compound permittivity of 3.77-j2.52 to 3.95-j2.49-contrasting the pure-water average permittivity of 5.16-j5.63. The loss related to bound water was much higher than anticipated and characterization will help reduce uncertainty in measurements of gelatin hydrogel-based tissue phantoms; particularly corneal phantoms where adjacent free water creates complex hydration gradients. This is the first known, submillimeter-wave, frequency domain measurement of complex permittivity of the bound-water component in solid, proteinaceous matter.

AB - This article presents measurements of the permittivity of gelatin hydrogels between 220 and 330 GHz. Hydrated gelatin was treated as a binary mixture of free water and a compound consisting of water bound to collagen. Submillimeter-wave reflectometry was used to estimate the hydrated gelatin permittivity, hydrated gelatin density, and free-water volume fraction in phantoms composed of 62, 67, 72, and 77% water by weight. A hydrated dry/wet density ratio of 0.335 was validated with optical-coherence tomography. A constant nonfreezing bound-water mass of 0.6 g/g was observed and confirmed with differential-scanning calorimetry. Good agreement between results from different modalities supports the dielectric spectroscopy methods and data analysis. Depending on the hydrodynamics at the sample/air interface, measurements indicate a bound-water compound permittivity of 3.77-j2.52 to 3.95-j2.49-contrasting the pure-water average permittivity of 5.16-j5.63. The loss related to bound water was much higher than anticipated and characterization will help reduce uncertainty in measurements of gelatin hydrogel-based tissue phantoms; particularly corneal phantoms where adjacent free water creates complex hydration gradients. This is the first known, submillimeter-wave, frequency domain measurement of complex permittivity of the bound-water component in solid, proteinaceous matter.

KW - Permittivity

KW - Water

KW - Permittivity measurement

KW - Spectroscopy

KW - Phantoms

KW - Solids

KW - Compounds

KW - Gelatin hydrogel

KW - submillimeter-wave spectroscopy

KW - water content

U2 - 10.1109/TTHZ.2021.3088273

DO - 10.1109/TTHZ.2021.3088273

M3 - Article

SN - 2156-342X

VL - 11

SP - 538

EP - 547

JO - IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology

JF - IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology

IS - 5

M1 - 9451620

ER -

Submillimeter-Wave Permittivity Measurements of Bound Water in Collagen Hydrogels via Frequency Domain Spectroscopy

Abstract

Access to Document

Fingerprint

Cite this