Solid formation in energy production and cryogenic liquefaction processes

This thesis aims to improve the prediction of solid phase formation during liquefied natural gas and liquid hydrogen production. Three industrially relevant systems are examined: hydrogen sulfide freezing out of methane, nitrogen freezing out of hydrogen, and the formation kinetics of gas hydrates with and without inhibitors. Experimental data were obtained for each system, and new analytical techniques and conceptual models were developed to interpret solid formation behaviour. Novel insights into thermodynamic modelling of solid–fluid equilibria are presented. Together, these contributions provide a foundation for quantitative risk assessments of solid formation in cryogenic liquefaction processes.