Soil phosphorus availability alters the correlations between root phosphorus-uptake rates and net photosynthesis of dominant C-3 and C-4 species in a typical temperate grassland of Northern China

Phosphorus (P) fertilization can alleviate a soil P deficiency in grassland ecosystems. Understanding plant functional traits that enhance P uptake can improve grassland management.We measured impacts of P addition on soil chemical and microbial properties, net photosynthetic rate (P-n) and nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations ([NSC]), and root P-uptake rate (PUR), morphology, anatomy, and exudation of two dominant grass species: Leymus chinensis (C-3) and Cleistogenes squarrosa (C-4).For L. chinensis, PUR and P-n showed a nonlinear correlation. Growing more adventitious roots compensated for the decrease in P transport per unit root length, so that it maintained a high PUR. For C. squarrosa, PUR and P-n presented a linear correlation. Increased P-n was associated with modifications in root morphology, which further enhanced its PUR and a greater surplus of photosynthate and significantly stimulated root exudation (proxied by leaf [Mn]), which had a greater impact on rhizosheath micro-environment and microbial PLFAs.Our results present correlations between the PUR and the P-n of L. chinensis and C. squarrosa and reveal that NSC appeared to drive the modifications of root morphology and exudation; they provide more objective basis for more efficient P-input in grasslands to address the urgent problem of P deficiency.