@article{e712c85cec624b859ba707e50a15dc61,
title = "Search for Gravitational-lensing Signatures in the Full Third Observing Run of the LIGO-Virgo Network",
abstract = "Gravitational lensing by massive objects along the line of sight to the source causes distortions to gravitational wave (GW) signals; such distortions may reveal information about fundamental physics, cosmology, and astrophysics. In this work, we have extended the search for lensing signatures to all binary black hole events from the third observing run of the LIGO-Virgo network. We search for repeated signals from strong lensing by (1) performing targeted searches for subthreshold signals, (2) calculating the degree of overlap among the intrinsic parameters and sky location of pairs of signals, (3) comparing the similarities of the spectrograms among pairs of signals, and (4) performing dual-signal Bayesian analysis that takes into account selection effects and astrophysical knowledge. We also search for distortions to the gravitational waveform caused by (1) frequency-independent phase shifts in strongly lensed images, and (2) frequency-dependent modulation of the amplitude and phase due to point masses. None of these searches yields significant evidence for lensing. Finally, we use the nondetection of GW lensing to constrain the lensing rate based on the latest merger-rate estimates and the fraction of dark matter composed of compact objects.",
author = "{The LIGO Scientific Collaboration the Virgo Collaboration and the KAGRA Collaboration} and R. Abbott and H. Abe and F. Acernese and K. Ackley and S. Adhicary and N. Adhikari and Adhikari, {R. X.} and Adkins, {V. K.} and Adya, {V. B.} and C. Affeldt and D. Agarwal and M. Agathos and Aguiar, {O. D.} and L. Aiello and A. Ain and P. Ajith and T. Akutsu and S. Albanesi and Alfaidi, {R. A.} and C. All{\'e}n{\'e} and A. Allocca and Altin, {P. A.} and A. Amato and S. Anand and A. Ananyeva and Anderson, {S. B.} and Anderson, {W. G.} and M. Ando and T. Andrade and N. Andres and M. Andr{\'e}s-Carcasona and T. Andri{\'c} and S. Ansoldi and Antelis, {J. M.} and S. Antier and T. Apostolatos and Appavuravther, {E. Z.} and S. Appert and Apple, {S. K.} and K. Arai and A. Araya and Araya, {M. C.} and Areeda, {J. S.} and M. Ar{\`e}ne and N. Aritomi and N. Arnaud and M. Arogeti and Aronson, {S. M.} and H. Asada and G. Ashton and Y. Aso and M. Assiduo and {Assis de Souza Melo}, S. and Aston, {S. M.} and P. Astone and F. Aubin and K. AultONeal and S. Babak and F. Badaracco and C. Badger and S. Bae and Y. Bae and S. Bagnasco and Y. Bai and Baier, {J. G.} and J. Baird and R. Bajpai and T. Baka and M. Ball and G. Ballardin and Ballmer, {S. W.} and G. Baltus and S. Banagiri and B. Banerjee and D. Bankar and Barayoga, {J. C.} and Barish, {B. C.} and D. Barker and P. Barneo and F. Barone and B. Barr and L. Barsotti and M. Barsuglia and D. Barta and J. Bartlett and Barton, {M. A.} and I. Bartos and S. Basak and R. Bassiri and A. Basti and M. Bawaj and Bayley, {J. C.} and M. Bazzan and B. B{\'e}csy and Bedakihale, {V. M.} and F. Beirnaert and M. Bejger and I. Belahcene and Bell, {A. S.} and V. Benedetto and D. Beniwal and W. Benoit and Bentley, {J. D.} and M. BenYaala and S. Bera and M. Berbel and F. Bergamin and Berger, {B. K.} and S. Bernuzzi and M. Beroiz and Berry, {C. P.L.} and D. Bersanetti and A. Bertolini and J. Betzwieser and D. Beveridge and R. Bhandare and Bhandari, {A. V.} and U. Bhardwaj and R. Bhatt and D. Bhattacharjee and S. Bhaumik and A. Bianchi and Bilenko, {I. A.} and M. Bilicki and G. Billingsley and S. Bini and O. Birnholtz and S. Biscans and M. Bischi and S. Biscoveanu and A. Bisht and B. Biswas and M. Bitossi and Bizouard, {M. A.} and Blackburn, {J. K.} and Blair, {C. D.} and Blair, {D. G.} and Blair, {R. M.} and F. Bobba and N. Bode and M. Bo{\"e}r and G. Bogaert and M. Boldrini and Bolingbroke, {G. N.} and Bonavena, {L. D.} and R. Bondarescu and F. Bondu and E. Bonilla and R. Bonnand and P. Booker and R. Bork and V. Boschi and N. Bose and S. Bose and V. Bossilkov and V. Boudart and Y. Bouffanais and A. Bozzi and C. Bradaschia and Brady, {P. R.} and A. Bramley and A. Branch and M. Branchesi and Brau, {J. E.} and M. Breschi and T. Briant and Briggs, {J. H.} and A. Brillet and M. Brinkmann and P. Brockill and Brooks, {A. F.} and J. Brooks and Brown, {D. D.} and S. Brunett and G. Bruno and R. Bruntz and J. Bryant and F. Bucci and J. Buchanan and T. Bulik and Bulten, {H. J.} and A. Buonanno and K. Burtnyk and R. Buscicchio and D. Buskulic and C. Buy and Byer, {R. L.} and {Cabourn Davies}, {G. S.} and G. Cabras and R. Cabrita and L. Cadonati and G. Cagnoli and C. Cahillane and {Calder{\'o}n Bustillo}, J. and Callaghan, {J. D.} and Callister, {T. A.} and E. Calloni and Camp, {J. B.} and M. Canepa and G. Caneva and M. Cannavacciuolo and Cannon, {K. C.} and H. Cao and Z. Cao and Capistran, {L. A.} and E. Capocasa and E. Capote and G. Carapella and F. Carbognani and M. Carlassara and Carlin, {J. B.} and M. Carpinelli and G. Carrillo and Carter, {J. J.} and G. Carullo and {Casanueva Diaz}, J. and C. Casentini and G. Castaldi and S. Caudill and M. Cavagli{\`a} and C. Chatterjee and X. Chen and Chen, {Y. B.} and Chen, {Y. R.} and Choudhary, {R. K.} and S. Choudhary and Q. Chu and Coward, {D. M.} and S. Danilishin and J. Degallaix and {Di Fronzo}, C. and Gould, {D. W.} and Howell, {E. J.} and V. JaberianHamedan and Jones, {A. W.} and L. Ju and T. Kaur and M. Kovalam and J. Liu and McCann, {J. J.} and A. McLeod and Neil, {B. F.} and Panther, {F. H.} and H. Satari and Slaven-Blair, {T. J.} and {van Heijningen}, {J. V.} and Veitch, {P. J.} and L. Wen and C. Zhao and Zhu, {X. J.}",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024. The Author(s)",
year = "2024",
month = aug,
day = "1",
doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/ad3e83",
language = "English",
volume = "970",
journal = "Astrophysical Journal",
issn = "0004-637X",
publisher = "IOP Publishing",
number = "2",
}