TY - JOUR
T1 - Remediation of soils and sediments polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
T2 - To immobilize, mobilize, or degrade?
AU - Kumar, Manish
AU - Bolan, Nanthi S.
AU - Hoang, Son A.
AU - Sawarkar, Ankush D.
AU - Jasemizad, Tahereh
AU - Gao, Bowen
AU - Keerthanan, S.
AU - Padhye, Lokesh P.
AU - Singh, Lal
AU - Kumar, Sunil
AU - Vithanage, Meththika
AU - Li, Yang
AU - Zhang, Ming
AU - Kirkham, M. B.
AU - Vinu, Ajayan
AU - Rinklebe, Jörg
PY - 2021/10/15
Y1 - 2021/10/15
N2 - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are generated due to incomplete burning of organic substances. Use of fossil fuels is the primary anthropogenic cause of PAHs emission in natural settings. Although several PAH compounds exist in the natural environmental setting, only 16 of these compounds are considered priority pollutants. PAHs imposes several health impacts on humans and other living organisms due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic properties. The specific characteristics of PAHs, such as their high hydrophobicity and low water solubility, influence their active adsorption onto soils and sediments, affecting their bioavailability and subsequent degradation. Therefore, this review first discusses various sources of PAHs, including source identification techniques, bioavailability, and interactions of PAHs with soils and sediments. Then this review addresses the remediation technologies adopted so far of PAHs in soils and sediments using immobilization techniques (capping, stabilization, dredging, and excavation), mobilization techniques (thermal desorption, washing, electrokinetics, and surfactant assisted), and biological degradation techniques. The pros and cons of each technology are discussed. A detailed systematic compilation of eco-friendly approaches used to degrade PAHs, such as phytoremediation, microbial remediation, and emerging hybrid or integrated technologies are reviewed along with case studies and provided prospects for future research.
AB - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are generated due to incomplete burning of organic substances. Use of fossil fuels is the primary anthropogenic cause of PAHs emission in natural settings. Although several PAH compounds exist in the natural environmental setting, only 16 of these compounds are considered priority pollutants. PAHs imposes several health impacts on humans and other living organisms due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic properties. The specific characteristics of PAHs, such as their high hydrophobicity and low water solubility, influence their active adsorption onto soils and sediments, affecting their bioavailability and subsequent degradation. Therefore, this review first discusses various sources of PAHs, including source identification techniques, bioavailability, and interactions of PAHs with soils and sediments. Then this review addresses the remediation technologies adopted so far of PAHs in soils and sediments using immobilization techniques (capping, stabilization, dredging, and excavation), mobilization techniques (thermal desorption, washing, electrokinetics, and surfactant assisted), and biological degradation techniques. The pros and cons of each technology are discussed. A detailed systematic compilation of eco-friendly approaches used to degrade PAHs, such as phytoremediation, microbial remediation, and emerging hybrid or integrated technologies are reviewed along with case studies and provided prospects for future research.
KW - Bioavailability
KW - Bioremediation
KW - Phytoremediation
KW - Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
KW - Soils and sediments
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85110440585&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126534
DO - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126534
M3 - Article
C2 - 34280720
AN - SCOPUS:85110440585
SN - 0304-3894
VL - 420
JO - Journal of Hazardous Materials
JF - Journal of Hazardous Materials
M1 - 126534
ER -