Recent developments in the diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis

Urgent steps are required to control the drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) epidemic worldwide. Individualised treatment, using detailed drug-susceptibility test results to guide choice of antibiotics, improves patient outcomes and minimises adverse effects. Recent years have seen substantial advances in our ability to provide rapid, detailed drugresistanceprofilesusing genotypicmethodsfordetection of mutations conferring drug-resistance. Rapid testing using real-time PCR to target the most important drug-resistance mutations allows the diagnosis of drug resistance to be made with the first diagnostic test, even in low resource settings. The use of whole genome sequencing to infer resistance to a range of different drugs facilitates earlier tailoring of therapy and detection of resistant subpopulations in mixed infections. Low burden countries, such as Australia are well positioned to lead the development and refinement of these new methods, to accelerate the incorporation of thesenew toolsinto TB controlprograms inhigh burden countries.