@article{7937d7ab748a47a8943a323affedac55,
title = "Point absorbers in Advanced LIGO",
abstract = "Small, highly absorbing points are randomly present on the surfaces of the main interferometer optics in Advanced LIGO. The resulting nanometer scale thermo-elastic deformations and substrate lenses from these micron-scale absorbers significantly reduce the sensitivity of the interferometer directly though a reduction in the power-recycling gain and indirect interactions with the feedback control system. We review the expected surface deformation from point absorbers and provide a pedagogical description of the impact on power buildup in second generation gravitational wave detectors (dual-recycled Fabry–Perot Michelson interferometers). This analysis predicts that the power-dependent reduction in interferometer performance will significantly degrade maximum stored power by up to 50% and, hence, limit GW sensitivity, but it suggests system wide corrections that can be implemented in current and future GW detectors. This is particularly pressing given that future GW detectors call for an order of magnitude more stored power than currently used in Advanced LIGO in Observing Run 3. We briefly review strategies to mitigate the effects of point absorbers in current and future GW wave detectors to maximize the success of these enterprises.",
author = "{The LIGO Scientific Collaboration Instrument Science Authors} and Brooks, {Aidan F.} and Gabriele Vajente and Hiro Yamamoto and Rich Abbott and Carl Adams and Adhikari, {Rana X.} and Alena Ananyeva and Stephen Appert and Koji Arai and Areeda, {Joseph S.} and Yasmeen Asali and Aston, {Stuart M.} and Corey Austin and Baer, {Anne M.} and Matthew Ball and Ballmer, {Stefan W.} and Sharan Banagiri and David Barker and Lisa Barsotti and Jeffrey Bartlett and Berger, {Beverly K.} and Joseph Betzwieser and Dripta Bhattacharjee and Garilynn Billingsley and Sebastien Biscans and Blair, {Carl D.} and Blair, {Ryan M.} and Nina Bode and Phillip Booker and Rolf Bork and Alyssa Bramley and Brown, {Daniel D.} and Aaron Buikema and Craig Cahillane and Cannon, {Kipp C.} and Cao, {Huy Tuong} and Xu Chen and Ciobanu, {Alexei A.} and Filiberto Clara and Camilla Compton and Cooper, {Sam J.} and Corley, {Kenneth R.} and Countryman, {Stefan T.} and Covas, {Pep B.} and Coyne, {Dennis C.} and Datrier, {Laurence E.} and Derek Davis and Difronzo, {Chiara D.} and Dooley, {Katherine L.} and Driggers, {Jenne C.} and Peter Dupej and Dwyer, {Sheila E.} and Anamaria Effler and Todd Etzel and Matthew Evans and Evans, {Tom M.} and Jon Feicht and Alvaro Fernandez-Galiana and Peter Fritschel and Frolov, {Valery V.} and Paul Fulda and Michael Fyffe and Giaime, {Joe A.} and Giardina, {Dwayne D.} and Patrick Godwin and Evan Goetz and Slawomir Gras and Corey Gray and Rachel Gray and Green, {Anna C.} and Anchal Gupta and Gustafson, {Eric K.} and Dick Gustafson and Evan Hall and Jonathan Hanks and Joe Hanson and Terra Hardwick and Hasskew, {Raine K.} and Heintze, {Matthew C.} and Helmling-Cornell, {Adrian F.} and Holland, {Nathan A.} and Kiamu Izmui and Wenxuan Jia and Jones, {Jeff D.} and Shivaraj Kandhasamy and Sudarshan Karki and Marie Kasprzack and Keita Kawabe and Nutsinee Kijbunchoo and King, {Peter J.} and Kissel, {Jeffrey S.} and Rahul Kumar and Michael Landry and Lane, {Benjamin B.} and Brian Lantz and Michael Laxen and Lecoeuche, {Yannick K.} and Jessica Leviton and Liu Jian and Marc Lormand and Lundgren, {Andrew P.} and Ronaldas Macas and Myron Macinnis and Macleod, {Duncan M.} and Mansell, {Georgia L.} and Szabolcs Marka and Zsuzsanna Marka and Martynov, {Denis V.} and Ken Mason and Massinger, {Thomas J.} and Fabrice Matichard and Nergis Mavalvala and Richard McCarthy and McClelland, {David E.} and Scott McCormick and Lee McCuller and Jessica McIver and Terry McRae and Gregory Mendell and Kara Merfeld and Merilh, {Edmond L.} and Fabian Meylahn and Timesh Mistry and Richard Mittleman and Gerardo Moreno and Mow-Lowry, {Conor M.} and Simone Mozzon and Adam Mullavey and Nelson, {Timothy J.} and Philippe Nguyen and Nuttall, {Laura K.} and Jason Oberling and Oram, {Richard J.} and Charles Osthelder and Ottaway, {David J.} and Harry Overmier and Palamos, {Jordan R.} and William Parker and Ethan Payne and Arnaud Pele and Reilly Penhorwood and Perez, {Carlos J.} and Marc Pirello and Hugh Radkins and Ramirez, {Karla E.} and Richardson, {Jonathan W.} and Keith Riles and Robertson, {Norna A.} and Rollins, {Jameson G.} and Romel, {Chandra L.} and Romie, {Janeen H.} and Ross, {Michael P.} and Kyle Ryan and Travis Sadecki and Sanchez, {Eduardo J.} and Sanchez, {Luis E.} and Tiruppatturrajamanikkam, {Saravanan R.} and Savage, {Richard L.} and Dean Schaetzl and Roman Schnabel and Schofield, {Robert M.} and Eyal Schwartz and Danny Sellers and Thomas Shaffer and Daniel Sigg and Slagmolen, {Bram J.} and Smith, {Joshua R.} and Siddharth Soni and Borja Sorazu and Spencer, {Andrew P.} and Strain, {Ken A.} and Ling Sun and Szczepanczyk, {Marek J.} and Michael Thomas and Patrick Thomas and Thorne, {Keith A.} and Karl Toland and Torrie, {Calum I.} and Gary Traylor and Maggie Tse and Urban, {Alexander L.} and Guillermo Valdes and Vander-Hyde, {Daniel C.} and Veitch, {Peter J.} and Krishna Venkateswara and Gautam Venugopalan and Viets, {Aaron D.} and Thomas Vo and Cheryl Vorvick and Madeline Wade and Ward, {Robert L.} and Jim Warner and Betsy Weaver and Rainer Weiss and Chris Whittle and Benno Willke and Wipf, {Christopher C.} and Liting Xiao and Hang Yu and Haocun Yu and Liyuan Zhang and Zucker, {Michael E.} and John Zweizig",
year = "2021",
month = may,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1364/AO.419689",
language = "English",
volume = "60",
pages = "4047--4063",
journal = "Applied Optics",
issn = "1559-128X",
publisher = "The Optical Society",
number = "13",
}