Material-based generation, storage, and utilisation of hydrogen

Due to its high energy density and non-polluting combustion, hydrogen has emerged as one of the most promising candidates for meeting future energy demands and realising a C-free world. However, the wider application of hydrogen is restricted by issues related to the generation, storage, and utilisation. Hydrogen production using steam reforming leads to CO₂ emissions, storage of hydrogen requires extreme conditions, and utilisation of hydrogen needs to be highly efficient. Solid materials, can play significant roles in hydrogen sector as these materials are appropriate for the effective generation, storage, and utilisation of hydrogen. Their physical, chemical, thermal, and electronic properties can be easily manipulated to enhance their efficiencies in all three areas. In this review, various materials are described for the photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and photoelectrocatalytic production, physisorption- and chemisorption-based storage, and utilisation of hydrogen in fuel cells; moreover, chemical and ammonia syntheses and steelmaking have been comprehensively discussed. Detailed insights and relevant comparisons are provided to demonstrate the efficacies of the abovementioned materials in the hydrogen sector. This broad overview of materials development will promote the hydrogen economy and inspire researchers and policymakers to appreciate the roles of materials and invest more in their research and development.