Linking laboratory quasi-steady state strengths to field scale performance of tailings

Current state of practice for the assessment of liquefied strengths of tailings relies primarily on empirical or semi-empirical correlations based on penetration testing. That is, despite liquefied strength being arguably the most important strength parameter for the design of brittle tailings storage facilities, there is much less success or acceptance of the use of laboratory element tests to support strength selection compared to other forms of strengths inferred in geotechnical engineering. This is particularly the case for tailings at a state near or slightly dense of the critical state line (CSL) for which there is ample evidence of field-scale flow liquefaction but where laboratory element tests often behave in a manner inconsistent with such field-scale response - at least at large strains. The current paper examines the quasi steady state (QSS) strength of sands and tailings for which the CSL has been measured, linking the observed strengths to inferred in situ behaviour through the state parameter. Particular focus is placed on QSS strengths obtained from simple shear tests carried out within a hollow cylinder torsional shear system where the stress state in the test is a better representation of in situ below-slope conditions that the triaxial compression test. In particular, the marked effect of intermediate principal stress on the QSS in sands is highlighted. Alternatively, the negligible anisotropy seen in a sandy silt gold tailings, and the potential implications in the context of QSS strengths and field-scale behaviour, are examined and emphasised.