Lifetime depression and anxiety increase prevalent psychological symptoms and worsen glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II

© 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd
AimsTo determine the contribution of lifetime major depressive disorder (L-MDD) and lifetime generalized anxiety disorder (L-GAD) to current psychological symptom severity, health behaviour and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes.
Methods1285 community-dwelling people with type 2 diabetes (Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase-II; FDS2) completed the PHQ-9 and Brief Life-Time Depression Scale (BLDS) to assess current and past MDD. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GADS) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-Lifetime (GAD-LT), designed for FDS2, assessed current and past anxiety. Data were analysed using analysis of covariance and multiple mediation models, controlling for age, gender, marital status, and diabetes duration.
ResultsL-MDD and L-GAD were independently associated with more severe current depression (both P < 0.001) and anxiety (both P < 0.001) symptoms. Mediation models revealed that, through increasing the severity of current depressive symptoms, L-MDD was associated with higher HbA 1c and body mass index (BMI), greater likelihood of current smoking, and reduced self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) (indirect regression path ab, all P < 0.001). In combination, L-MDD+L-GAD additionally elevated the risk of higher HbA 1c and worse diabetes management, by increasing the severity of current depressive symptoms (indirect regression path ab, all P < 0.001).
ConclusionsLifetime depression and anxiety increase risk of more severe psychological symptoms, hyperglycaemia, and difficulties with health behaviour in type 2 diabetes. Early screening for these disorders at diabetes diagnosis may be warranted to maximize long-term health outcomes.