Is Diabetes Associated with Shoulder Pain or Stiffness? Results from a Population Based Study

Objectives. To assess the association of shoulder pain and/or stiffness and diabetes mellitus in a populationbased cohort.Methods. Participants were randomly recruited from the North West Adelaide Health Study, a longitudinal,population based study. In the second stage, 3128 participants were assessed for diabetesmellitus and shoulder complaints via questionnaires, the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index(SPADI), physical assessment, blood sampling for fasting plasma glucose, and HbA1c levels.Results. Overall, 682 (21.8%) participants experienced shoulder pain and/or stiffness and 221 participants(7.1%) fulfilled criteria for diabetes mellitus. Those with diabetes had a higher prevalenceof shoulder pain and/or stiffness (27.9% vs 21.3%; p = 0.025), and poorer SPADI disability subscore(p = 0.01) and total SPADI score (p = 0.02). After controlling for age, sex, obesity, and current smoking,the prevalence of shoulder pain and/or stiffness did not differ significantly between those withdiabetes and those without (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.76–1.45), nor were there significant differences inthe SPADI disability subscore (p = 0.39) or total SPADI score (p = 0.32) between the 2 groups. Afteradjustment for covariates, there was no association between higher levels of HbA1c and shoulderpain and/or stiffness (p > 0.8). Range of shoulder movement was significantly reduced in those withdiabetes (p <0.05).Conclusions. There is a higher prevalence of shoulder pain and/or stiffness in people with diabetesmellitus. The differences observed between those with diabetes and those without can largely beexplained by the confounding factors of age, sex, obesity, and current smoking.