Incorporating canopy radiation enhances the explanation of maize yield change and increases model accuracy under film mulching

Plastic film mulching (PM) has been extensively used to increase crop yields in dryland regions in China. However, the impact of differently colored PM on crop radiation utilization due to the optical properties of the underlying PM surfaces remains unclear. We conducted a two-year field experiment in northwest China to evaluate the dynamics of photosynthetically active radiation interception and absorption (fIPAR and fAPAR), as well as the radiation use efficiency for intercepted and absorbed radiation (RUE_i and RUE_a) during spring maize (Zea mays L.) growth periods. Two fertilization levels (high and low) and 3 PM treatments (transparent film, black film, and no film) were considered in this study. We also developed empirical regression functions to calculate canopy fAPAR, accounting for both canopy and underlying surface characteristics. Furthermore, we used canopy absorption radiation to drive the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum System (SPACSYS) model to simulate maize biomass and yield. We found that transparent film mulching (TM) exhibited higher fIPAR and fAPAR than black film mulching and no mulching (CK). TM had an increase of RUE_i and RUE_a by 10.6% and 9.7%, respectively, relative to CK, resulting in a 9.3–19.2% increase in maize yield and a 25.8–30.2% increase in the partial factor productivity of nitrogen. These increases were mainly attributed to the increased relative chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis rate, and extended grain-filling period under TM. We found that the modified radiation input increased the accuracy of the SPACSYS model in simulating maize biomass and yield. We underscore the importance of using TM in dryland areas to increase crop yields and advocate for incorporating canopy radiation data into crop models, especially in agricultural regions where plastic film mulching is used, to enhance the accuracy of yield simulations.