Fluoride in the environment: sources, distribution and defluoridation

Fluoride is one of the most widespread groundwater pollutant. More than 200 million people, from 25 nations, are suffering from fluorosis. This review presents an overview of fluoride distribution in groundwaters, and defluoridation techniques. Adsorption is the most common technique; however, the efficiency, sorbate disposal and continuous supply of efficient sorbates are still problematic. Membrane processes are quite efficient but not economical for developing communities. This article therefore highlights the importance of further research on efficient and cost-effective defluoridation for the rural developing communities not only to be used for household filtration units but also for use in community water supply schemes.