TY - JOUR
T1 - Evolutionary Trade-Off between Secondary Sexual Traits and Ejaculates
AU - Simmons, Leigh W.
AU - Lüpold, Stefan
AU - Fitzpatrick, John L.
PY - 2017/12/1
Y1 - 2017/12/1
N2 - Recent theoretical models predict that the evolutionary diversification of the weapons and ornaments of pre-mating sexual selection should be influenced by trade-offs with male expenditure on ejaculates. However, the patterns of association between secondary sexual traits and ejaculate expenditure are frequently inconsistent in their support of this prediction. We show why consideration of additional life-history, ecological, and mating-system variables is crucial for the interpretation of associations between secondary sexual traits and ejaculate production. Incorporation of these ‘missing variables’ provides evidence that interactions between pre- and post-mating sexual selection can underlie broad patterns of diversification in male weapons and ornaments. We call for more experimental and genetic approaches to uncover trade-offs, as well as for studies that consider the costs of mate-searching. Competition among males for access to mating opportunities is now widely recognized to drive the evolution of exaggerated secondary sexual traits. However, the role of post-mating competition for fertilizations in the evolution of weapons and ornaments has only recently been questioned. Male expenditure on both weapons and ejaculates is costly, and allocation trade-offs between secondary sexual traits and ejaculates are predicted to govern their joint evolution. Empirical support for this expected trade-off remains ambiguous. Consideration of additional ecological, life-history, and mating-system variables can reconcile inconsistent patterns of covariation between secondary sexual traits and ejaculate expenditure, and demonstrate that this trade-off can underlie broad patterns of divergence in weapons and ornaments.
AB - Recent theoretical models predict that the evolutionary diversification of the weapons and ornaments of pre-mating sexual selection should be influenced by trade-offs with male expenditure on ejaculates. However, the patterns of association between secondary sexual traits and ejaculate expenditure are frequently inconsistent in their support of this prediction. We show why consideration of additional life-history, ecological, and mating-system variables is crucial for the interpretation of associations between secondary sexual traits and ejaculate production. Incorporation of these ‘missing variables’ provides evidence that interactions between pre- and post-mating sexual selection can underlie broad patterns of diversification in male weapons and ornaments. We call for more experimental and genetic approaches to uncover trade-offs, as well as for studies that consider the costs of mate-searching. Competition among males for access to mating opportunities is now widely recognized to drive the evolution of exaggerated secondary sexual traits. However, the role of post-mating competition for fertilizations in the evolution of weapons and ornaments has only recently been questioned. Male expenditure on both weapons and ejaculates is costly, and allocation trade-offs between secondary sexual traits and ejaculates are predicted to govern their joint evolution. Empirical support for this expected trade-off remains ambiguous. Consideration of additional ecological, life-history, and mating-system variables can reconcile inconsistent patterns of covariation between secondary sexual traits and ejaculate expenditure, and demonstrate that this trade-off can underlie broad patterns of divergence in weapons and ornaments.
KW - life-history
KW - male contest competition
KW - sperm competition
KW - testis size
KW - trade-off
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85031406877&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.tree.2017.09.011
DO - 10.1016/j.tree.2017.09.011
M3 - Review article
C2 - 29050795
AN - SCOPUS:85031406877
SN - 0169-5347
VL - 32
SP - 964
EP - 976
JO - Trends in Ecology and Evolution
JF - Trends in Ecology and Evolution
IS - 12
ER -