TY - JOUR
T1 - Evapotranspiration rates and evapotranspirative cooling of green façades under different irrigation scenarios
AU - Bakhshoodeh, Reza
AU - Ocampo, Carlos
AU - Oldham, Carolyn
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities (REG6-3), and the Western Australian Department of Communities. Collaboration and approvals from the Western Australian Departments of Health and Education are gratefully acknowledged, as is the enthusiastic adoption of the green façades by staff and students at the Bentley Primary School. The first author was supported by a CRC Water Sensitive Cities PhD Scholarship and a Scholarship for International Student Fees from the University of Western Australia. Field and technical assistance were kindly provided by Azrina Karima and Andrew Van de ven. The authors are grateful to Ashvath Kunadi for helping data processing. The authors also acknowledged the valuable comments from anonymous reviewers that helped to improve this manuscript.
Funding Information:
This research was supported by the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities (REG6-3), and the Western Australian Department of Communities. Collaboration and approvals from the Western Australian Departments of Health and Education are gratefully acknowledged, as is the enthusiastic adoption of the green façades by staff and students at the Bentley Primary School. The first author was supported by a CRC Water Sensitive Cities PhD Scholarship and a Scholarship for International Student Fees from the University of Western Australia. Field and technical assistance were kindly provided by Azrina Karima and Andrew Van de ven. The authors are grateful to Ashvath Kunadi for helping data processing. The authors also acknowledged the valuable comments from anonymous reviewers that helped to improve this manuscript.
Funding Information:
The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Reza Bakhshoodeh reports financial support was provided by Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities. Reza Bakhshoodeh reports financial support was provided by Western Australian Department of Communities. Reza Bakhshoodeh reports financial support was provided by The University of Western Australia.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2022/9/1
Y1 - 2022/9/1
N2 - Urban population growth has resulted in land use changes and the replacement of many vegetated areas with hard surfaces that have a higher heat capacity than vegetation and have negatively impacted the urban microclimate. Green façades are a method of reintroducing vegetation into city landscapes to help remediate the urban hydrological cycle closer to predevelopment conditions by improving evapotranspiration. This study quantifies the impact of green façade irrigation regimes on evapotranspiration rates and evapotranspirative cooling effects across the day. Rates of evapotranspiration were calculated from façade's water balances, under sunny, dry weather conditions with three different irrigation regimes. In this experiment both non-deciduous native (Australian) and deciduous non-native (non-Australian) plant species, with two different façade orientations were used to explore their evapotranspiration rates and impact on evapotranspirative cooling. Evapotranspiration rates were lower under limited-watered conditions for the north-facing green façade, planted with non-Australian plants, followed by the normal-watered and well-watered conditions. In the west-facing green façade that was planted with Australian plants (known to thrive with minimal irrigation), the lowest evapotranspiration rates were recorded for normal-watered, followed by limited-watered, and well-watered scenarios. The highest evapotranspirative cooling of the green façades occurred under well-watered conditions, with an observed maximum evapotranspirative cooling of −4.4 °C and −1.7 °C for the north- and west-facing façade. The results highlighted the ability of Australian waterwise plants to transpire more (both evapotranspiration rate and diurnal evapotranspiration) and provide more evapotranspirative cooling under normal and limited-watered conditions. The findings from this study will contribute to more effective design of sustainable green façades, with recommendations relating to irrigation rates and plant species.
AB - Urban population growth has resulted in land use changes and the replacement of many vegetated areas with hard surfaces that have a higher heat capacity than vegetation and have negatively impacted the urban microclimate. Green façades are a method of reintroducing vegetation into city landscapes to help remediate the urban hydrological cycle closer to predevelopment conditions by improving evapotranspiration. This study quantifies the impact of green façade irrigation regimes on evapotranspiration rates and evapotranspirative cooling effects across the day. Rates of evapotranspiration were calculated from façade's water balances, under sunny, dry weather conditions with three different irrigation regimes. In this experiment both non-deciduous native (Australian) and deciduous non-native (non-Australian) plant species, with two different façade orientations were used to explore their evapotranspiration rates and impact on evapotranspirative cooling. Evapotranspiration rates were lower under limited-watered conditions for the north-facing green façade, planted with non-Australian plants, followed by the normal-watered and well-watered conditions. In the west-facing green façade that was planted with Australian plants (known to thrive with minimal irrigation), the lowest evapotranspiration rates were recorded for normal-watered, followed by limited-watered, and well-watered scenarios. The highest evapotranspirative cooling of the green façades occurred under well-watered conditions, with an observed maximum evapotranspirative cooling of −4.4 °C and −1.7 °C for the north- and west-facing façade. The results highlighted the ability of Australian waterwise plants to transpire more (both evapotranspiration rate and diurnal evapotranspiration) and provide more evapotranspirative cooling under normal and limited-watered conditions. The findings from this study will contribute to more effective design of sustainable green façades, with recommendations relating to irrigation rates and plant species.
KW - Evapotranspiration
KW - Evapotranspirative cooling
KW - Green façade
KW - Thermal performance
KW - Water balance
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85134336325&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112223
DO - 10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112223
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85134336325
SN - 0378-7788
VL - 270
JO - Energy and Buildings
JF - Energy and Buildings
M1 - 112223
ER -
