TY - JOUR
T1 - Ecological variables for developing a global deep-ocean monitoring and conservation strategy
AU - Danovaro, Roberto
AU - Fanelli, Emanuela
AU - Aguzzi, Jacopo
AU - Billett, David
AU - Carugati, Laura
AU - Corinaldesi, Cinzia
AU - Dell’Anno, Antonio
AU - Gjerde, Kristina
AU - Jamieson, Alan J.
AU - Kark, Salit
AU - McClain, Craig
AU - Levin, Lisa
AU - Levin, Noam
AU - Ramirez-Llodra, Eva
AU - Ruhl, Henry
AU - Smith, Craig R.
AU - Snelgrove, Paul V.R.
AU - Thomsen, Laurenz
AU - Van Dover, Cindy L.
AU - Yasuhara, Moriaki
PY - 2020/2/1
Y1 - 2020/2/1
N2 - The deep sea (>200 m depth) encompasses >95% of the world’s ocean volume and represents the largest and least explored biome on Earth (<0.0001% of ocean surface), yet is increasingly under threat from multiple direct and indirect anthropogenic pressures. Our ability to preserve both benthic and pelagic deep-sea ecosystems depends upon effective ecosystem-based management strategies and monitoring based on widely agreed deep-sea ecological variables. Here, we identify a set of deep-sea essential ecological variables among five scientific areas of the deep ocean: (1) biodiversity; (2) ecosystem functions; (3) impacts and risk assessment; (4) climate change, adaptation and evolution; and (5) ecosystem conservation. Conducting an expert elicitation (1,155 deep-sea scientists consulted and 112 respondents), our analysis indicates a wide consensus amongst deep-sea experts that monitoring should prioritize large organisms (that is, macro- and megafauna) living in deep waters and in benthic habitats, whereas monitoring of ecosystem functioning should focus on trophic structure and biomass production. Habitat degradation and recovery rates are identified as crucial features for monitoring deep-sea ecosystem health, while global climate change will likely shift bathymetric distributions and cause local extinction in deep-sea species. Finally, deep-sea conservation efforts should focus primarily on vulnerable marine ecosystems and habitat-forming species. Deep-sea observation efforts that prioritize these variables will help to support the implementation of effective management strategies on a global scale.
AB - The deep sea (>200 m depth) encompasses >95% of the world’s ocean volume and represents the largest and least explored biome on Earth (<0.0001% of ocean surface), yet is increasingly under threat from multiple direct and indirect anthropogenic pressures. Our ability to preserve both benthic and pelagic deep-sea ecosystems depends upon effective ecosystem-based management strategies and monitoring based on widely agreed deep-sea ecological variables. Here, we identify a set of deep-sea essential ecological variables among five scientific areas of the deep ocean: (1) biodiversity; (2) ecosystem functions; (3) impacts and risk assessment; (4) climate change, adaptation and evolution; and (5) ecosystem conservation. Conducting an expert elicitation (1,155 deep-sea scientists consulted and 112 respondents), our analysis indicates a wide consensus amongst deep-sea experts that monitoring should prioritize large organisms (that is, macro- and megafauna) living in deep waters and in benthic habitats, whereas monitoring of ecosystem functioning should focus on trophic structure and biomass production. Habitat degradation and recovery rates are identified as crucial features for monitoring deep-sea ecosystem health, while global climate change will likely shift bathymetric distributions and cause local extinction in deep-sea species. Finally, deep-sea conservation efforts should focus primarily on vulnerable marine ecosystems and habitat-forming species. Deep-sea observation efforts that prioritize these variables will help to support the implementation of effective management strategies on a global scale.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85078949958&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1038/s41559-019-1091-z
DO - 10.1038/s41559-019-1091-z
M3 - Article
C2 - 32015428
AN - SCOPUS:85078949958
SN - 2397-334X
VL - 4
SP - 181
EP - 192
JO - Nature Ecology and Evolution
JF - Nature Ecology and Evolution
IS - 2
ER -