Biochar-based materials for environmental remediation

Biochar is a versatile material for the remediation of contaminated environments. Nevertheless, the application of pristine biochar in the remediation of environmental contaminants cannot always achieve optimal outcomes. Therefore, functionalized biochars have been developed to enhance the remediation effectiveness and efficiency. This chapter reviews the advancement in the synthesis of engineered biochars through physical, chemical, and biological methods. Applications and associated mechanisms of the engineered biochars and biochar-based permeable reactive barriers in the removal of contaminants in aquatic and soil systems have been critically reviewed and discussed. Further research directions have also been proposed.