Accelerated Brain Aging with relevance to Type 3 Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease

ABSTRACT The main constituent of plaques in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) individuals namely amyloid beta (Aβ) is a proteolytic product of a larger protein the amyloid precursor protein (APP) protein. Carriers of the apo E4 allele are at greater risk of developing AD with increased deposition of amyloid beta plaques in Western countries. Protein and Aβ homeostasis is now crucial to the lifespan of organisms and is an important feature that determines the aging process in obesity, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. The scientific understanding of the maintenance of peripheral blood plasma Aβ and caffeine metabolism has now become essential to prevent neurodegeneration that is linked to Type 3 diabetes. The concentration of Aβ within the brain is determined by hepatic Aβ clearance and interest in the liver has increased markedly since in Western countries the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance has reached approx. 20% of the developed world. Induction of Type 3 diabetes is related to delayed hepatic caffeine metabolism (NAFLD) with circadian dysynchrony (Type 3 diabetes) connected to defective peripheral hepatic caffeine and Aβ metabolism. Healthy diets stabilize Type 3 diabetes and maintain the circadian rhythm with relevance to brain insulin resistance and Alzheimer’s disease. ONLINE REFERENCES: 1. Caffeine consumption with Relevance to Type 3 diabetes and accelerated brain aging. RRNS. 2016;1:1-5. 2. Nutrition Therapy Regulates Caffeine Metabolism with Relevance to NAFLD and Induction of Type 3 Diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2017; 4: 019. 3. Type 3 diabetes with links to NAFLD and Other Chronic Diseases in the Western World. Int J Diab Metab Disord. 2016; 1:1-5. 4. Anti-Aging Genes Improve Appetite Regulation and Reverse Cell Senescence and Apoptosis in Global Populations. AAR. 2016;5:9-26. Biography Dr. Ian James Martins is an Editor/Reveiwer for Open Acess Pub/MDPI journals. Appointed as the Chief Editor for International Journal of Diabetes Research (2014-2018), Research and Reviews: Neuroscience (2016-2018) and Journal of Diabetes and Clinical Studies (2017-2018). BIT Member (BIT Congress. Inc). Scientist for Science Advisory Board (USA) and Academic with Academia.edu. H-index of 43, (ResearchGate STATs (23), Mendeley STATS (20). Scientific research citations accumulated to >3300. Advisory Board of Photon Journal (International Agency for Standards and Ratings) as Fellow. Winner (World Academic Championship -2017) in Diabetes and Medical Science (Nutrition). Conferred with the RICHARD KUHN RESEARCH AWARD-2015 ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM.